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co*:fidential / / 



OFFICE CF STRATEGIC SERVICES 
ieSfearch and Analvsis Branch 


Geography Division 

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Drr^Ar-TT ctsta-^ 

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Filz Copy 

PlEASE RtTURf 

REF 


CiniATIC DATA FOR TRANSPORT ROD ES 
n; CENTRAL AFRICA 


Ji, 


Report No. 71 


August 11, I 9 U 2 


\ 




Copy N®* 
(2703) 















* 





CONFIDEHnAL 


TABI£ OF CONTENTS 


Page 


I. ' • Generalized Description of the Climates.1 

II. . Llaps. $ 

III. Soxirces..9 

IV. . Climatic Data for Individual Stations.11 


A. Northern Zone 


12 


1 . 

2 . 

3. 

U. 

5. 

6 . 
7. 
3. 

9 . 

10 . 
11 . 
12 . 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 


Lagos, Nigeria. 

Ilorin, Nigeria . 

Zungeru, Nigeria.. 

Jos, Nigeria. 

Forcados, Nigeria (Alt. 1). 

Benin, Nigeria (Alt. 1) . 

Lokoja, Nigeria (Alt. 1). 

Port Harcourt, Nigeria (Alt. 2) . . . . 
Garoua, Free French Africa (Alt. 2) . • 

llaiduguri, Nigeria. 

Fort Lamy, Free French Africa . 

El Fasher, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan . . . . 

El Obeid, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 

Khartoum, Anglo-Egj’ptian Sudan. 

Kassala, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Alt, 3)« 
Port Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. . . . 
Suakin, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Alt. U) . 
Fort Archarcbault, Free French iifrica 
(Unk with IIA). 


13 

16 

18 

20 

22 

2li 

26 

ZZ 

30 

32 

3ii 

36 

38 

ho 

U3 

U5 

U7 

U9 


B. Central Zone 


51. 


1. 'vNortheni'Section.5l 

19. Douala, Free French Africa. ^2 

20. Yaounde, Free French Africa.55 

21. Bangui, Free French Africa.57 

22. liongalla, ^inglo-Egyptian Sudan. .... 59 

23. ’Jadolai, Uganda (Unk to IIB).61 


































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CONFIDET'TL'X 


2. Southern Section. 

24 . Pointo Noire, Free French Jvfrica. . . 
2$. Brazzaville, Free French .‘JTrica . . . 

26 . Banana, Belgian Congo (..It, 1). . , . 

27. Bolobo, Belgian Congo . 

28 . Stanleyville, Belgian Congo . 

29 . Entebbe, Uganda (Alt, 2). 

30 . Bukoba, Tanganyika (Link ^tith III), , 

31 . Shirati, TanganjrLka (Link with III) , 

32 . Eldana Ravine, Kenj’a. 

33 . Nairobi, Kenya. 

3U. Atiii River, Kenya. 

35 . Mombassa, Ken 3 ^ . 

36 . Tanga, Tangaiiyika (Alt, 3). 

C. Southern Zone . 

37, Lobito, ;mgola. 

38 , Huanbo, Angola. 

3y. Albertville, Belgian Congo. 

UO, Tabora, Tanganyika. 

al. I.pwapwa, Tanganyika. 

U2. Dar-es-Salaam, Tanganyika . 


63 

6U 

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68 

70 

72 

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78 

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91 

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CXPUFIDErmAL 


CLDi/lTIC wn. FCR TRANSPCRT ROUTES 
IN CENTRiJ. LFRICL 

I. GENERijilffiD EESCRIPTION CF TEE CLIUt*TES 

The clinr.tcs of centre! Africa ere differentiated 
ohicflj’^' on the basic cf average teE?x 2 rat\aro end seasonal dic- 
tribution of rainfall. The farner is largely a result of ele¬ 
vation, with higher areas having lower tcE 5 »raturos• Seasonal 
differences of ter^jcrature are slight, though they becooo sooo- 
\diat noticeable os distance fron the equator increases. In noet 
localities tCB^jcratures ore affected by cloudiness as mich cs by 
changes in insolation, vri-th highest tenperaturos cocmonly be¬ 
ing experienced just before the onset of the rains and their 
associated clouds. In the lov/lands, ha/evor, tenporaturcs arc 
very high at all seasons, 

Annxicl rainfall rhythns provido the chief olinr.tic dis¬ 
tinctions, As a rough rule, arces within about 3 degrees south 
and G degrees north of the,equator in Africa experionce rain¬ 
fall in all months. Poleward from these limits there aro dis¬ 
tinct wot and dry seasons, with the wet season beconing steadily 
shorter and shorter with increasing distance ftron the equator 
\mtil at about IG degrees north and (along the coast) 14 de¬ 
grees south the dry season has expanded to include the wholo 
year, 

Sinco the rainy and dry soosons aro of considerable 
irportanco to transportation, two accompanying naps arc insert¬ 
ed to shor,; the approximate average dates when the rainy season nay 
be expected to begin and to’ end. In coepiling those naps any month 
which had on annual rainfall, of 1 inch or more was considered a 
part of the rainy season*. This usage agrees v/ith Knox i/, who 
bases his discussion of seasonal rainfall upon the use of 25 tm, 
(•9^ inches) in a month os the limiting value. This figure is 
undoubtedly arbitrary, and other authorities have chosen to use 
values of 20, 25, 40, or 50 mm, cs their criteria In Africa 
one inch appears to bo a satisfactory limit, and if in certain 
stations the use of this figxiro nay lead to antedating or pos'b- 
datlng the rainy season a weok or two, this error is certainly 
not greater than the irrogxfLar variation fron year to year of the 
opening and closing dates of the rainy season. 

If a rainfall of one inch or more bo used to define a 
v/ot month, then it con be said that the region under consideration 
virtually locks areas with tr;o dry and two wot seasons. Of the 42 
stations used in the present report, only one, Athi River, shovTS 
two distinct seasons with monthly rainfall of less than one inch, 

• and one of these seasons consists of a single month, January, which 
has #75 inches, The avoilablo record of Athi River is too brief 
to constitute the basis for solid conclusions. At the some time 


^ Knox, p# CG 
( 2703 ) 2 / Mooxjau, p# 491 







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CONFIDZNTIAL 


- 2 - 


it nust be recognized that in nost of the equatorial area there 
ore tTTO "seasons of less rain" which, though not actually dry, nay 
bo known locally as dry seasons. These periods usually occur 
just after the solstices. 

The land transport routes of Central Africa fall roughly 
into three oaot-iTOst zones. The northern zone \diich centers in 
the Sudan, starts in a narrow coastal fringe of cquatarial rainfall 
rogine, TTith two less rainy seasons. Port Harcourt, to the cast, 
lies j\jst rdthin the excessively wDt elbcw of the ilfrican coast, 
whore the heavy rains arc not intorriqjtcd by a second nininun of 
rainfall, A score of nilos north ftoo the coast, the fi*ont of 
the rain-boaring soutbiTOstorly nonsoon rotroats enough in nidwintor 
so as to leave a brief dry season in Doconbor and January, This 
is the savanna climate, with distinct wot and dry soasons, 3y 
the tine Her in and Lokoja cxe reached, the dry season has ex¬ 
panded into three or four nonths, extending through Fobruory, 
and at Zungcru end Goroua the v/ot and dry seasons are of nearly 
equal length, Jos, idth its upland • location, has a shorter dry 
season than the lowland stations of the sane latitude. The route 
just south of Lake Chad has a scant five nonths of rain beginning 
in May, Eastv;ard, tho route passes into seni-crid stoppoland: at 
El Fanher and El Oboid, rains usually begin in Juno cr July and 
last only throo or four nonths. To the north the tnie desert 
prevails, Khartoun, at the southern edge of the .do^rt, has only 
two months of rain on tho avora^, in nidsunnor, and 10 percent of 
tho years have no raiiy season {no month \dth as nuch as 1 inch of 
rainfall,) At Kassola, east of Khartoum, tho rise towards tho 
Ethiopian Highland results in a somewhat longer rainy season. Near 
the beginning of the savanna dry season there are generally several 
wooks of poor visibility duo to misty conditions induced in port 
by smoko ftoci grass fires, 

Throughout tho idiolo Sudan and its margins tho winds 
fluctuate prevailingly botwoon tho dor?) sea-born monsoon traa a 
southwestern quarter in summer and tho dry desert-born Harmatton 
from tho nortli quarter in winter, g/ Near tho coast of tho Gulf of 
Guinea tho monsoon prodominatos most of. tho year, with only brief 
and occasional periods of Hermatton,’ With increasing latitude, 
tho monsoon is of shorter and shorter duration, and tho Harmatton 
bocOTOS more and marc dominant, until at Khartoun florcc dust and 
sandstorms freta tho desert are coixion ocpinronoes at all seasons 
except Eddsunaer, At the Rod Sea end of the northom zono, desert 
conditions prevail, with e period of light rains fton two to four 
nontho long in ;7intor. 


g/ Bruol, p, 25m 
2j Lolghly, Fig, la, b. 


















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- 3 - 


CONFIDZ?friAL 


The ocvc.nn: rr.iny nocson is cor. pnly ushered in, j.nd 
sometimes out, by "tomr.doos,** violent sto^s vith strono; v Inds, 
thunder, r.nd rein. Luring th^. tomr.docs thJ tcEpcrc-turc often 
drops 15®F* in 15 minutes* Th- reins ox th^ hcr.rt of the r: iny 
ser.son c.rc more st^c-dy rjid "porsistent, \:ith less :.ccoi’’prjiying 
violonco/ raid v/ith Icss-pronounccd drop in tempore.ture* 

The contrr.1 zone centers in the Congo Br.sin cjid the 
or.stom Lr.ke rtetoeu* “TK^ northern sdetion of this sono sti.rts in 
the extremely '. ot olbo’..' of the Crjnoroon coc.st, r.t Dour.lc., \.'ith 
her.vy monsoon-borne reins except during the midv:ihter period of 
loss rr.in.' The tropicc.l rr inf ores t climr.te continues inlc.nd, thou^i 
'..'ith diminished i^olume of rr.in* Er.stv/r.rd, near Broigui, the route 
reaches the northern ed;,c of the true rainforest climi-tc, rsid 
skirts along the southern edge of the sr.vr.nna area of seasonal 
rainfall* FrcMn Bangui, i/hich only in Dcoembor hr.s less than an 
inch of. rainfall, the dry season lengthens until, at mongoHa^ 
the ahoic period from Ir.tc November to or.rly Larch is dry* As 
the equc.torir.l plateau is approached soutln.'rrd from i ongalla, the 
dry season rc.pidly pinches out* At '."adclai only January receives 
less tha.n an inch of rainfall, and thr.t but slightly less* 

The soutliem section of the central zone starts near 
the t.outh of the t'ongo in the southern tropical s:\T.nna climate, 
v/horc a dry season.from four to six months long begins, in June* 

Going northeastward (upstrocm) the dry season•becomes shorter and 
shorter: three months at Brazzaville, teo months at Bolobo, a,nd 
disappearing entirely a short distance above Bolobo, vdiorc it is 
replaced by the equatorial rairi.'forcst type of climr.te, with rain¬ 
fall in rll months* The area, of year-round rain extends fra.i the 
Congo Basin up into the Lake Plateau of southern U.gandc. and along 
the north and vest shores of Lake Victoria into the Tenya. Hi^- 
lands* Tliis humid portion of the east African plateau land of course 
differs from the tropical lov/lends in being ruch cooler* 

Lost of the cast African plateau region has a tcraperato 
climr.te and definite wet and dry seasons* Near the equator, the 
\;ot season has t\/o maxima* Farther from the equator there is 
but one maximum amd a.n increasingly long and dopand ble dry scas- 
.pn* The general air r.ovemcnt of the plateau region consists of 
the- southeast trade vrinds, which c.rc best developed v.'hen the 
s.un is north of the cquatoi, and th- northeast monsoon, •.hich 
occurs more irregularly '..hen the sun is south of the equator. 

Heaviest rainfall is associated i.'ith the early months of the 
trade wdnds; l arch to Lay2^* Those "lon.g rainp'‘, » hich coiwrion¬ 
ly last all day and cove: Tar'^e areas, I'robc.bly are the result 
of the* interaction at the fronts of Ir.r' O r.ir-nassos* "They are 
coinmonl-'' pre-coded, in February and early J. arch, by brief auid 
irregular convcctional shot/ers, locally lalc..Ti as ’’grass rains’’^, 
which do not soak th^'soil as the long continuous rains do* 

T/ Trucl, p. 17* 

^ Kaurette, p. 104* • 

2/ Walter, 1935, pp* C9, 512, 513. 

( 2703 ) ... 
















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CONFIDElTriAL 


- 4 - 


Actually there are sharp local dif»-erenoe 8 of clinAte 
within short distances, the result of relief, exposure, or prox¬ 
imity to lar-e bodies of water. Two rainfall stations 5 miles 
apart near the base of Ht, Meru, for example, showed average 
rainfalls of 35 suid 66 inches respectively,^ On the whole, oro¬ 
graphic rainfall mey be expected whenever a deep oersistent air 
current blows against land o^ high relief. The local variations 
of climate have not yet been systematically grouped and mapped, 
though certain subdivisions can be fairly well distinguished, 
thus. Lake Victoria is known to affect the climate within a dis¬ 
tance of about 100 miles from its margins, causing lower daily 
range of temperature, daily land and lake breeses, higher humid¬ 
ity, and (to the north) more abundant rain'‘all, 2 ' 

In the Konya Hi glands (Bldama Ravino, Nairobi), ast’^ide 
the equator, cool, damp, dull, cloudy weather prevails much of 
the year, though north winds frequently bring clear sunny weather 
^rom December to February,3/ Condensation on trees ^rom mists 
may exceed the measured rainfall,^ 

The African oast coastal strip (Mombassa, Tanga) is 
hot and humid at all seasons, with no d-v season at Tanga and a 
brief January-^'ebruary dry spell at Mombassa, The southeast 
trades (in part deflected by the land) dominate during the north¬ 
ern summer, the northeast monsoon during the southern summer. 

The Southern Zone starts in the somiarid coastal fringe 
of Lobito; an ^area of temperate conditions, moist air from the 
sea, and a season of light rains from October to Aoril, The 
Huambo or Bongucla Plateau to the east has somewhat lower average 
temperatures than the coast, duo to elevation, but nights are 
decidedly cooler and days warmer, duo to the absence o^ maritime 
influence, Rainfall is more than thro times as groat as on the 
coast, and the wet season lasts from October to early '^ay. This 
upland savanna typo of climate, with wot summers and dry dusty 
winters, extends eastward across Lake Tanganyika and the plateau 
to the oast with no essential change except that the amount of 
proci.pitation gradually lessons, the dry season becomes longer 
(four and one half months at Huambo and Albertville, six months 
at Tabora, seven months at Mp-yapm), and temperatures vary in¬ 
versely with elevation (especially hot along the Lualaba-Congo 
Valley,) Bast of Lake Tanganyika, the southeast trades are the 
dominating air current. The oast coast at Dar-es-Salamm has a 
steaming tropical trade wind climate, dominated bv the southern 
trades during the northern summer and by the northeast monsoon 
during the northern winter, The-o a-- no entirely dry months, 
though two loss rainy periods occur just afte»* the solstices, 
August is the driest month of the year, April the wettest, 

Pbr a summary o^ climatic regions, see the accompanying 
map of Central African Climates, 

IT® oreau, p, Tfo. - 

2/ Valter, 1938, pp, 99, 103, 106, 

^ Valter, 1935, pp, 165-166, 

( 2703 ) ^ ’*oroau, p, 486, 













I 


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CQNFinE^ITT^ 



II. MAPS 





( 270 ) 















k. 



mi 


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f 


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f 


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PROVISIOWaL EOITIOM _ RESTRICTED 



















EDITION 


PROVISIONAL EDITION 


10 


20 


_l^ 

SO 40 



MIO/ 
/U P jj tlTba 


CENTRAL AFRICAN 
I CLIMATES 


5. COOL 
DESERT 


10 


20 


SO 


40 


MAP NO 780, JULY SO, 1942 


DRAWN IN 6E09RAPHY DIVISION, OSS 























f 









PROVISIONAL EDITION 




r 

\ 



Kono 


Moiduguri 


OZiKia 


Y6laO 


OOshogbo 


MARCH 


Bombori 


FEBRUARY 


>rt Horcourl 






lltOvilJ 


.topoMviU* 


JANUARY (<' 




JULY 


MAY 


Qport ArchombduM 


AUGUST 

V^Parl FroBeq«i 


OECEMBEf^ 

PoinU Noire 


CENTRAL AFRICA 

BEGINNING OF 
RAINY SEASON 


First month in which roinfoll 
of ot loost on* inch occurs 




No Dry Sooson 
No Wot Soooon 
Lohos 
Rivors 

Worl f b U All S— M W 


f7777] 


OCTOBER 


Mooiwbo 


e^SSp 

Wow worlfoblo Stroowt* 


NOVEMBER 

, .i^ 




Rllwwiotort 


MAP NO. 747, JULY 24. 1942 
































IIWSK 


WCSTWCTCO 



COIM.CO AMO OMAWM IN TMt OCOMAPNY DIVISION, OtS 






































ISIONAL EDITION 
0 



■ « 


5t 


O^ort Lomy 


AUGUST 

OAti 

SEPTEMBER 


s 



Ogl 


El Ob«d A 


lumoai 





Fort Archomboull 


NOVEMB 


CENTRAL AFRICA 


END OF 

RAINY SEASON 

Lott 

month in which roinfoll 

of of 

loo«t ono inch occurs 


No Dry Staton 

[7777] 

No Wot Stoton 


Lohtt 


Rivtrt 


NarlfoWt All Stoton 

— 

NtvItaSIt Wat Saoaon Only 

— 

Non-aoalsoOla Straoait 

<QQ__ 0_ 

too 400 

•M 0 

Milat 

Kllo<M«l*rt 



y / ' 

iWioio ' APRIL / 

®-" ' T."!- • 

LI <.El'Mb«Nt<iUo I 


>• 757, JULY 25, 1942 


COMPI 
































X 






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provisional edition 


21 



QFort Lomy 


AUGUST 

OAti ^ 

i 

SEPTEMBER 



ObM 


Ogl 


Ifi 


Archomboult 


( 

V.. 







CENTRAL AFRICA 

END OF 
RAINY SEASON 

Lo«t month In which roinfoll 
of ot loott ono inch occurs 



No Dry Sooton 



177773 

No Wot Sooton 


n 


Loktt 




Rivtrt 


> Lobit 

— 

NovIstSIt All 

Staton 

2 ^ 


Non-novisoott 

Strtomt 





-125- 


I20 



l}' 4 


MAP NO. 757, JULY 25, 1942 






























j> . ^ 


. • ^ .-jfr'' 




^ ■ K " 

^ '-SMf " f' 

... ^t-'-j \ 

>'■» 






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COMPILED *NO OdAWN HI THE OCOORAPMV DIVISION ,0.t.S. 





























7J 



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• 9 - qonPTiaeMT;^,Aj. 

Ill.^Souroes 

A. Souroea for GenariJ 1,^1 

Bnieli Oeargeay ]DhflQfl& AfriftAine. 

Paria, 1935. 

Glaytcn^ H* World Weather ReoordB f Smithsonian 
lUaoellaxieous ’GoUeotlonsy Vol* 7), 

90. Waphlngtcn, 1927, 1934. 

Geographic Division, Coordinator of Infocmatlon, JQie 
m imftte of Coastal 

Efmft-fcqpl^l Aftrloa . aqd SoGthneet Afiri^oa . 

. R2-5 Mamorandum, January 1942. 

Geogre^Mo Division, Coordinator of Information, 

i2LLB&Jdfi fcr ^ JQusdAfil 

R2-23 Report, May 1942. 

Knox, Alexander, JQfi iSUttife Sti Jte nnt^ttwent ^ 

Afrioa. Cambridge, 1911. 

Leighiy, John, "West African Air Uassest review, with 

Maurette, Fernand, *A£rixf\» equatoriale, orientale et 
australe,^ Geographle . Universelle . Vol. 
12, Paris, 1938. 

Moreau, R. £., "Clinatio Classifloatlon f^om the Stand¬ 
point of East African Biology," in 
J«irT^a3 ^ Ecology . Yd. 26, 1938, pp. 

• (Includes excellent bibllo- 
graphy). 

Offioe of Naval Intelligence, Survey Central Afrioan 

Seaports ^ Air Routes . Monograph No. 91, 
Washington, 1942. 

Stone, Robert G., "Comfort Zones and Acclimatization," 
Appendix 2 in A. Grenfell IT’ioe, White 
Settlors J;^ Trooios . Now York, 

1939, pp. 284-292. CFig. 82, p. 285, 
gives graphic expression to subjective 
sensations at various tei^ieraturos and 
humidities). 

TTewartha, Glenn T., An Introduction Ip |leftt|he;r 
numntfi,. New York, 1937. 


(2703) 











ill jgi j 

:‘A; • ••- 

*',V 

^ 'an. > h‘-' *^ Ai** 4-0^*" 
^Cllc . . ^ •- ^ -ji i:‘; 






U, S* Departoent of AgricralturQ Yoorbook 1941: 

Holi* Washli^tcii, 1941* 

U« S» Woatbor Bureau, Washington, D«C«, Clinatlo rooardc* 

Walter, A«, *Yhe Glinate of British East Africa," in 
Quarterly Journal c(f the Rgynl Uotcoro * 

• l^oal Society ; Vol« 64 , 1938, pp» 97* 


Walter, A«, "The dlnate and Weather of East and Control 
Afrida," in ^£siSSA 
iS8Cafll» Vol. 1, 1935-1936, pp. 87, 165, 

' 248, 512. 


tee 


Map 1. ■Central African Clinatos*" 

• Adapted flron the Climatio OTstems of Koppon 
• • and Thcmthwaite used by Trewartha, Glenn, 

Afi Jts g.9attex M SXijaat&f 

New York, 1937, Plates 2 and 3* 

Map 2* ■Beginning -af Rainy Season." 

Based tq>cn monthly rainfall maps, plates 2-13, 
in Knooc, Alexander; r.Hm/tte ^ 

Sti Africa p Cambridge, 1911, consider¬ 
ably modified cn the basis of additional 
climatic data of individual stations. 

■End of Rainy Season." 

(Some sources as Map 2.) 


Map 3 














***“■ 0it^ -tiAtm 





.s «v 




M V*»KVt . 










^r ■ -‘Kac '• 


^OTM4«l>al»ME*' •ti 

i.t' M* ilirt —# MiiCJ 










-XI - 


CQKF];7ff:TJTTA^^ 


CLE.IATIC DATA FOD INDIVIDl'AL STATIONS 

Climatic data for individual 
stations are arranged according 
to the tranrportation zones 
in which they lie. 


(2703) 






• L 


4 ' 




\i 

I i 








Cg - lFIDEIvTI^Ji 


U 


3 


NORTHERN 

ZONE 


3 


(270) 










LAGOS, NIGERIA 


Lagos, throughout the year, is hot and humid dung¬ 
ing the daytime, warm and humid at night. Rain f^lls at all 
times of the year, though there is a pronounced slackening 
from November to February'' and a slight slackening in August* 
Although December and January, the dryest months, have an 
average monthly rainfall of one inch, they may each be ex¬ 
pected to have no rainf.all at all about once in five years* 

At this time of year the dry northeasterly Harmattan blows 
occasionally, bringing welcome relief from the prevailing 
damp conditions. Marshes'and lagoons shrink during this less- 
rainy season, and the ground becomes drj'- and firm* This is 
also the foggiest time of year, v;ith fog on about one-third 
of the days. Calms are common at all times of the year, es¬ 
pecially from October to January, v;hen they prevail at least 
uO percent of the time* 

Abvindant rains characterize most of the year, with 
the maximum precipitation occurring in June vdth a secondary 
peak in October, '.Vinds are prevailingly of the westerly and 
southwesterly "monsoon” type, vdth strongest vdnds‘being ex- 
perienced from July to September, The J\ine rains are particular 
ly concentrated, with an aversgo fall of nearly 'm inch a day. 

The land is converted into nu^.rshes and mud. 


I 


( 2703 ) 








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( 2703 ) 



































































NIGERIA (Cont 







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Data from U.o.Tf.B. records, transcribed May 1942 


























































CCE^IDEITTJ ^ 


- 16 - 


ILORIN, NIGERIA 

Il6r^ has a tropical clir^te faiirorably modified sorae-. 
what by elevation. Days are uncomfortably hot, particularly dur- 
the dry season, but nights are generally cotifortable. There 
IS a rainy season of eight months, starting in mid-4iarch, and a 
dry season of four months starting in mid-Novenber. The rams, * 
>fhile plentiful enough to swell the streams, saturate the ground, 
and enable the grass to grow, are fairly gentle, falling at the 
rate of about half an inch per rainy day. In July and iiUgust, - a 
slight secondary minimum of rainfall occurs, though still -./ith 
rain falling on one day in three. During the rainy season, winds 
from a southerly quarter are common, but during the dry season the 
Harmattan frequently blows from the northern dry lands, bringing 
dust and low humidities, Streanis dwindle, the ground beccmies 
baked and the grass turns brown, With its lower humadities and 
lower night temperatures (actually cool in December and January), 
the dry season is the most pleasant and healthful time of year 
for Europeans, 



) 


(2703) 





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ZUNGEP.U, NIGERIA. 

/ 

At Zungeru there are distinct vret and dry seasons 
of about equal length. The rainy season starts in April, Violent 
thunderstorms and heavy precipitation occuf frequently from then 
until October, July and September have the most rainfall. Streams 
are swollen, the ground becomes deeply soal:ed and muddy, and lux- 
\rriant grass covers the land. The frequent clouds shut out enoufh 
sunlight to bring considerable relief from "the high temperatures 
of spring, though even -Ln the rainy season the heat is considerable, 
A season of extreme dryness prevails from November to April, The 
ground beccxnes dry anc. cracked, streams d?rindle or disappear, and 
the grass turns brown and parched. The’dry north-easterly Harmattan 
blows at frequent intervals,' often carrying fine white dust. The 
middle of the dry season is the most healthful time of year for 
Europeans, The last part of the dry season,’in lilaroh and early 
April, is the hottest time of year, when the svcn is approaching 
zenitli and the sci’oening clouds cxf the rainy season have not yet 
appeared. Sleeplessness is common during the hot nights of these 
two months, and the coming of' the first storms of the rainy season is 
a relief. 


( 2703 ) 






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COiIFIDEIlTIAL 


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COUFUiEMTl AL 


20 


JOS, NIGERIA * * 

lying as it does on the Ba\ichi Plateau^ Jos has a 
pleasant tropical highland climate. Days axe vrarm, especially 
from Fobruary to April before the rains set in^ but nights are 
comfortably cool throughout the year. The wot season extends 
on the average from late IJarch to early October. It Is a season 
of moist southerly winds, and abundant rains which steadily in¬ 
crease to their peak in July and August, In these two months 
rain falls on abouii four out of five days. The rate of fall 
is Okily about half an inch per day of rain, ovon at the height * 
of the season. Streams become torrents during this season, 
the soil bccc^s saturated, and the grass grows fast. 

The dry season, from late Ootobor to early March on 
the average, is marked by bright sunny woattor, cool nights . 
(actually chilly in December and January), and low humidities. 
The ground becomes parched and dusty, ax^ evaporation procoeds 
rapidly frani organic matter and bodies of water. Streams 
dwindle or dry con^letoly. The condition tsf drought is 
frequently accentuated, especially during Doooinber and January, 
by the Harmattan, the dry northeast wind that brings a powdery 
dust from the Sahara, 


( 2703 ) 










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FORCADOS, UIGFJUA 


Forcados has a tropical rainy climate;. The temper¬ 
ature and relative h\miidity are high at all times of ye.ar, 
resulting in oppressively hot days -and warm nights. The pre¬ 
vailing raonsoonal rrind frori the sea helps make the heat more 
bear-^ble. There is no truv. dry season; even January, the 
driest month, avenges nn inch :nd a half of rain, and three 
rainy days. Heavy rains occur at all seasons, Fivmi May to 
October the dormpour is tremendous, with rain falling on more 
th'’Ji half the days at the rate of an in«h a day, Karshes and 
lagoons develop on much of the; lo\.- deltaic land, 

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CONFIIENTIAL 


24 


BENIN, NIGERIA 

Benin lies jxist vdthin the area of'tropical savanna 
climate, vfhere a distinct drjr period occurs. The dry season 
lasts only about three months (late November to mid-February), 
and occasional r'iins may occur at any time dvgring the. season, but 
ordinarily there is time for .the .ground to diy up and remain dry 
for a few weeks at this time of year* During the rest of the 
year abundant rainfall occurs, with maxima in June and Septem¬ 
ber* At this season marshes,, lagoons and mud*chatactcrize the 
land surface. 

Temperatures and humidities average high throughout the 
year, though occasionally the'dry Harmattan wind fr<Ha the north 
brings relief during the dry season. Daytime temperatures are 
even higher than at the coastal stations of Forcados and Lagos> 
but night temperatures are nearly -5 degrees bclov/ those of the 
former, and ^ degrees below those of the latter. 



(2703) 






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BENIN CITY, NIGERIA _ _6° 30* N., UO 


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COWFIDENTIA j[^ 


- 26 


LOKOJA, XIOERIA 

Lokoja has a wet season from mid-March to October 
and a dry season the rest of the year. For six months the 
rains increase gradually to a peak in Septejnber, -then decline 
sharply in a single month to the end of the season. During 
the rainy seasons the rivers rise to flood proportions, and 
lowland areas may be inundated, 'ilie hot atmosphere is at 
tlae sajiio time iincor.ifortably humid. Occasional rains’ may. 
occur during ciny month of the dry season, though oixiinarily 
that season is marked by drougnt, cracked soil, dry brown 
Vegetation, and frequent visitations of the dusty northeast 
vdnd, the larirnttan. 


Althouf^h tlio coolest mont|is are IJovcmber to Jan¬ 
uary, ..'hen the solar declination is lowest, temperatures the 
rest of the year are more relatea to stora conditioiis t’.ian 
to position of the sun. Thus L'arc.a, before the sen has 
reached zenith, is the hottest month of the year, and by 
April, after the rains and clouds put in their appearance, 
temperatures are somewhat reduced. V/ith rn average daily ; 
temperature range of nearly 20 degrees, Lokoja has fairly 
comfortable nights, except in March and early April. 
Afternoons are hot throughout the year, thou^ least so at 
the cloudiest time of year, from July to September. 



(2703) 






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( 2703 ) 











































































































CC3NFIBENTIAL 


28 


PORT HARCOURT, NIGElilA 

Heat, high relative humidity, abundance of rain, 
discomfort—these characteristics prevail at Port Harcourt 
in all months. Even the least rainy months - December and 
January - receive more than l| inches of rain each. The 
low-lying land is in a state of almost constant saturation. 
During the rainiest months, frcxn June to September, rain 
falls on two out of three days, mostly in the form of vio¬ 
lent thunderstorms. "Monsoon'* winds from the sea alternate 
with calms and storms. Though mean maximmi tomperatures 
are about 90 degrees at all seasons, the daily temperature 
range of about 20 degrees signifies that nights are more 
bearable. An occasional Harmattan, or north wind, some¬ 
times brings temoorai-y dryness and reliel in the months of 
minimum rain. 


(2703) 










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PORT lURCOURT, iriOERIA 


29 


CONFIDENTIAL 


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COtIFIDENTIAL 


30 


3AR0UA, FREE J-mNC.i AFRICA 

Oaroun is hot and humid In sumiaer, hot and dry in 
winter. The wet and dry seasons are cjich about 6 noatiis 
long. The wet season runs from mid-April to mid-October, 
with August and September the rainest months. Rains are 
heavy from May to September, with rainstorms on about one- 
third of the days. After tne September pe;ilc, the rainfall 
drops off sharply to the end of the rainy season. iJuring 
the rainy season streaiis swell and sometimes flood the 
surrounding low lands, converting the land into mud and 
bog. Danip southorl;/ winds prevail at this si'ason. 

From mi d-(.'Ctober to mid-' arcii tiiere is ordinarily 
no rainfall at all. ihy northeasterly winds, bearing 
clouds of line dust, suck tne moisture fro; = the groimd and 
from any organic r-dterials such ac wood or leather. Streiins 
and sv.-ju.ips dry up. The heat is intense luring the daytime, 
but a considerable tcr.iperaturo drop occurs at night, 
especially in the middle of the dry season, 'fae climate of 
Aiuar and fola is almost identical v/ith that of laroua. 

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COIff’IKZOTL'.L 


- 32 - • 


Mi'.IDUGURI, NIGER!/. 

Mrdduguri has a hot, scni-arid climate. Seven 
months, fron October to April, arc cxtr>.mcly dry, with high 
temperatures in the afternoons (mean maxima vary from 91 to 
108 degrees at this season) but with cool nights, particu¬ 
larly from December to February.urtibn nights are really 
chilly. From November to April the mean daily range of ten- 
poraturo is 35 degrees. The hottest months of the year are 
i'ipril and May, just before tho summer cloudiness sets in. 
More than half the da^^s in December and January experience 
the Harmattan: the dessicating wind that blov/s clouds of 
dust in from the northeast. The ground is baked and cracked 
at this time of year, and nothing is evident of most streams 
except dry s/ndy beds* 

May to September is the rainy period. Southwest¬ 
erly vri.nds blow moist air from the sea, and the rains gradu¬ 
ally increase from small amounts in May and June to a cre¬ 
scendo in July and August* The storms are generally mild, 
though during the early months of the rainy season, violent 
storms are more common. The rainfall saturates the ground 
and frequently fills the stream beds with torrents of v/ater* 
The extensive cloudiness of summer results in a secondary 
minimum of temperature in August, 


(2703) 






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MAIDUGUKI, NIGERIA 11° 58* N., 13° 12* E. _ Elevation 1186 foot 


- 33 - 


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OOlFIDEICTIAi? 


34 


FORT LAI;Y, FRSL FRIvmC:I AFRICA 

Fort Lainy has a hot serniarid clinate, with a long, 
intensely dry season and a shorter intense wet season. 

During tlie dry season, iror.: October to April, dusty, dry . 
north winds prevail. The soil becomes thorouglily parched, 
wood and other organic materials ar'e dessicatcdi streams 
drj' up. Aiternoon temperatures ordinarily rise above 100 
degrees (the mean.maximuri! for April, the last raontli before 
tne onset of the rains, is 111,21), but vn.th dry air and a 
great daily range of temperature, the climate is bearable. 

From Kovembor through February tiie nights are actually 
ciiilly, and the early morning is cool and inviv^orating, 

iiie wet season opens wit^i occasion.'.! nild rains 
in liay, rtaches a peak of.intensity in July and August 
(when more than half the season's.total precipitation, 
occurs and rain falls on one out of three days), and tapers 
off rapidly to tne end of September or early 'October. 

Stre^ims r.ay be temporarily converted into raging torrents. 
Lov/lands are flooded, and n:uddy conditions develop. R.';la- 
tivG humidity is high at this sccason, though a mode rate 
drop of ttraper.-iiurc .at night gives acoD relief'In the sensible 
heat. Winds are from the south, • 


9 


(2703) 








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CONFIDENTUL 


- 36 - 


EL FASHER, ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN 

El Facher is very hot and very dry* Afternoon 
temperatures of 90 degrees are common in all months, and 
from April to June the mean daily maximum is above 100. 
However, lovi relative humidity makes the heat supportable. 
Nights and early mornings are cool, even chilly from Novem¬ 
ber to February, since the daily range of temperature 
amounts to from 30 to hO degrees. During the long nine- 
month dry season the prevailing Tdnd in this part of Africa 
is from the northern desert, and contributes to the parched, 
dusty condition of toil':and air. During the brief rainy 
period from June to’August moist winds c«ne from the south, 
the relative humidity is sometimes uncomfortably high, and 
frequent rainstorms are to be expected* Eighty percent of 
the years limited rainfall comes during July and August. 
During and immediately after a storm streams may be tempo¬ 
rarily flooded and the ground muddy. 


(2703) 








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CO^TIDENTIAL 


- 38 


EL OBEID, AIIGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN 

El Obeid has a dry, hot climate, with a brief 
summer rainy period* During most of the yeeir winds blow 
from the desert north, the air is dry and dusty, and the 
ground parched and cracked, with dry sandy stream bods the 
rule* By mid-aftemoon the thcmc«nctv-r generally gets above 
90 degrees, and every month of the year has had temperatures 
above 100* Highest tcrapcra.tures occur from April to J\ui&, 
before the rainstorms begin; a secondary peak of heat is 
reached in October, at the close of the rainy season* In 
winter the nights are cool; in summer even the nights arc 
warm, though not hot* 

A period.of occasional rains prevails from June 
to September, with some thunderstorms sufficiently intense 
to cause torrential flow in the stream channels* Hot, damp 
vd.nds blav frean the south, and high hiimiditi^s make the 
weather uncomfortable* In July and August, on the average, 
one-third of the days experience rainfall* 

( 

The intense glaring sunlight must always be 
reckoned vdLth in connection irith outdoor v/ork, particu¬ 
larly at the time of sun in summer# 


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(2703) 







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EL OBEID, AI?GL0-I:G\TTIAI: SUD^T_130° 12' 30° 1^' L. Elevation 1 R;i7'- 


- 39 - 


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confiiectt^j-. 


- 40 - 


Kr{ARTCirrf, AliaiO-EGYPTI/j: SUDA>: 

^ - 4 . . hot desert climate. Kost of the 

'■f the air is dly, and the. ground 

parched Md cracked. Beds of snmU streams in the vicinity 

'•-"■1=“= «'-■ t^oc^ 

ard !‘oiShts during tho day. Thu nights 

■n* ' Dccernbe.r to February are pleasantly cool, 

unpleasant feature of the climate is the* stror.f^ v;ind 

daring the di-y season. From Iloveir.ber tlirough Aoril rearlv 
all observed >/ind is from a nortnerly quarter. ‘ ' 

q-rv+ W a short rainy season froia July to early 

Sept^ber strong, daiTip winds often blow' from the south, th^ 
rolai,iyc hu'radity rises, and tliunderstorms occur about 

than”""! rainiest month, ..ugust, has less 

than 3 inches of ram. Cccasioncally one of tho thunder¬ 
storms may yicxd enough rain to cause strooxis to swell 
iormioably. riie cloudiness is sufficient to cause a slight 
oip in th^ tempcrat’orc curve in j^ugust. ^ 

• , rainfall is highly variable. In tho 32-''-e''r 

period 1899-1930, only August had some rainfall ev-'-ry yc^'r 
.^oyomber to February had no rainfall, but rill other months* 
nad ram som^ years. June, thougli averaging only I /3 inch 
t ra.Lnrall in 21 of the 32 y^ars, though only 

. yimcs ^d tho ram amount to as much as an inch. Even hay 
^nd October had light rain in half the years. One year ' 
there w.is no rain unUl August; another year there v/as no 

I August, Seasonal totals fluctuated between 1.26 
and Ih.al inches. 


(2703) 








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43 


caiFiiiaiTiAL 


KASSAIA, ANGLO-EGYPTIAJI SUDAN_ 

Kassala has a hot stani-arid climate slightly modi¬ 
fied by elevation. Sumner rains, from June to Septt3mber, 
are the rule. Even in the wettest months, July and August, 
rain falls only on one. in throe days. The slcy is 1*2 percent 
covered with clouds during these two months. The rains are 
rather gentle, one inch of precipitation on the average 
being spread out over two or throe days. Rivers become full 
and the ground becomes muddy during rainy spells. The 
relative humidity at this season is hi^ enough to cause 
discomfort. 

From October to iiay the weather is usually very 
dry, though rains have been known to fall in every month 
except January. The ground becomes parched and dust storms 
from the northern dry lands are common. Afternoon tc:..oera- 
turea ar;. hign ct all times of tae year, but t’.i.. .<i.atiu;r 
is .-spcciedly Jiot fror. pril to June, tho sun is near 

zcnitii jnd the protective cloud mantle of t*iv; rainy season 
has iOt yet developed. Fortunately for hiunan coi;!rort, 
relv'itive -hurdditics are very low at tills scaso'.. :'ights 
are uncomfortably hot in I'ay and June; cool from Oecer-her ' 
to Februfry; and fairly ..arm the rest of the year. 


( 2703 ) 




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• - 45 - 




PORT smui, ..Kr,LO-EaYPTI..N SUDi'JI 

Port Sudan has a desert climate, hot in the summer 
and warm in the “winter". From June to September the mean 
maximim temperature is above 100 degrees, and even the nights 

to ..pril the nights are temperate.' 
Relative humidities, while not extreme, are hiph enough to 
be uncomfortable. November and December have the great- 
est rainfall expectancy. During the rest of the year drougiit 
ordinarily prevails, though rare showers have occurred at all 
seasons. 


Dusty winds blow from a northerly quarter during 
most of the year, but are highly variable during the hottest 
imc of year, from June to ..ugust. Dry, blinding sandstorms 
are a disagreeable feature of this season. 


(2703) 








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SUAKIN, /-NGLO-EGYPTI/iJ SUD.'Jj 

S^^akin lies within the Red Sea fringe of vdnter 
rain and summer drought, though the rainy season (October 
o anuapr) is too short and the rains too scanty to remove 

category. The summer, especially 
from Juno to i.ugust, is distinguished by extremely high 
temperatures and fairly iiigh humidities. During the frequent 
si^er northwesterly -.dnds, th., humidity falls but disagree¬ 
able sandstorms arc common. 


(2703) 




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- 49 - 


fort ARCHiUlRiULT, FREE fT?ENCH iiFRICA 

climitc "" typical tro’pical wot-aiid-diy 

-1.UVC. .rriLtratsi: zciT^ 


thP ^ season from October to april, 

with no rain trail 

lading in the three nidmonths of the season. The orevaillna 

SofthTh"f“OfdSr ® 

inrtho dlvtS^ extremely low dur- 

^ys <^*ro hot, particularlv in Uarrh 

“aVSp "^urfrL^ ^aLn? "l^fmean 

reacUnr?it:-^ ) n r®'" <^'y =oason, 

tofSrhts^rt '"i"* the result that ' 


(2703) 









,nrr.*ra;tWA ttW 




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51 




CENTRAL ZONE 

Noirthem 

Section 


( 270 ) 






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52 


C(M'IDEIiTIUi 


DOUALA, FREE FRENCH AFRICA 

Douala, at the northern edge of the Congo rain forest, 
is characterized by oppressively hot, hxiinid weather throu^out 
the year, with only sli^tly lower temperatures at ni^t than in 
the daytime. Tremendous rains are the rule most of the year. 

The downpour swells the streams into torrents, and the low-lying 
land is inundated, Ifore than 20 inches of rain fall each month 
during the wettest time of year, fixan J\jne to September, idien 
rain falls on five or six days per week. Thunderstorms are most 
frequent in April, May, June cuid October, In these months, 
thunderstorms develop at the rate of one every three days. 

The driest time of year occurs from December to 
February, when the overhead sun is farthest south of the eqxiator. 
Even January, the driest month, has a thionderstorm once a week 
and a mean rainfall of more than 1^ inches. Naturally the streams 
tend to diminish in volume at this time of year. This "dpr” 
period is the foggiest time of year, with fogs reported for one- 
third of the days. The rest of the months seldom have more than 
two or three foggy days, 

Throu^out the entire year the wind is of the 
•♦monsoon” type, prevailingly from the west or southwest, heading 
for the great an^e of the Guinea Coast where Douala is located. 
There are however calm periods more than 2$ percent of the time 
throughout the year. 


(2703) 












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- 55 - 


( 


YAOUNDE, FREE FRENCH AFRICA 

are hi^h ^ rainy tropical climate. Temperatures 

^ternoon, moderate at night, throughout the 
y^r. Hmidity is high at all seasons. Rain, chiefly from 

in^rind^f months, with two distinc/maxima 

in May and October. It rains everyday in October, nearly 

^ rainfall occurs from 

^cember to Feb^ry, when streams diminish somewhat in size 

a^7 A secondary minimum 

occurs in July and August. Fogs occur at all times of yoar. 

October to January are they-recorded on-half or 
from Prevailing winds in this part of Africa are 

rom the southwest, though wind conditions in the main dry- 
season are irregular. 


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( 2703 ) 









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C OJJFIDENTT/\ j^ 


- 57 - 


bancrji, free FREMCH AFT^ICA 

high, rith but^ittL^differcncc^h^t^ climate, • Temptratores are 
Even the coolest of 

is moderately high. There is radnfon Relative humidity 

particularly hea^ from Ipril Z l 

one-third to one-half the^dav.,^ ^tober, when rain falls on from 
noods occur, and the ground'ls muddy"LcS If'tJicItof 

March, thoSAf^fDeceS'r®‘'tr"/r''?“® f«"’ Hovenber to 
of rainfall on the averavc.’ Tho womd ™e Inch 


Winds are commonly from 
calms prevail much of the time* 


a 


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( 2703 ) 






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CONFITy.WTT^ . 


- 59 - 




iJONOALLA, ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN 


The wet season^lasts^nn%H^°^ season and a long rainy’season. 

rmonS\^fnkeir''f^ a rulet^ThrdrT^ason off^rfS' 

thH^ess 'x=c«ionally, but 

^sty wind, fron, Z 

-bile southerly winds prevail during the rainy se^. ' 

nuctuatlon''tb^f^h °f ?f“ temperatures shows little ' 

f throughout the year, with a difference of only 5 

warmest and coldest months. «The daily ^ge 
iLst In degrees, most in the diy season and 

has +hl lainy.^ Tims the period from November to February 

the temperatore^of 

he year, lihilo somewhat too high for greatest comfort, the 

to SJ:se’^s“ffSrt““'' S^n^^lly hi^ enough ’ 


( 2703 ) 













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MOIIGALU, ANGLOEGrPTIAlI SUDAN 5o 11* N., 31b ii7' E. Elevation 


- 60 - 


CONFIDENTIAL 


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COiailDENTT/ ^^-^. 


- 61 - 


MELAI, UG/^JDA 

exceot ’^adelai is niuch like that of Uongalla, 

? tiie slightly higher elevation of Wadclai gives it 

Khibit V, shorter dry season. Mean monthly tomperatures 

afternoons arc hot, 

in roomings arc comfortably narm. Rainfall occurs 

^ moderate amounts except during a relatively diy period of a 

Januar^^ th^ TT southern position. Even 

J^uary, the driest month, receives nearly an inch of rainfall 
on the average, though there is much variation from year to 


( 2703 ) 





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WADELAI, UGANDA 2° 36' N., 31^ 30' E* _J_ Elevation 2001 ft 





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63 


CCMFDffiNTIAL 


CJI^TRM ZONE 
Soutliom Soction 


( 2703 ) 















64 


CCWIDENTIAL 


POINIE NOIRE, FREL FREJJCH AFRICA 

Bio climate of Pointc Noire is characterized by 
sharply contrasting v;ot and dry seasons, id’th high tonpor- 
aturos and high relative humidity throughout the year. Tho 
wet season lasts only from December to oarly May, but hoavy 
rainfall is concentrated in that period. lAich of the rain 
comes from thunderstorms, iiich saturate tho land and somo- 
timos cause stroams to flood thoir banks. 

In contrast, tho dry season, from May to November, 
includes four entirely rainless and ttooo usually rainless 
months. Bio ground bcconos dry and streams shrink or dis¬ 
appear entirely. Yet tho air remains damp, for tho vdnd 
bloiTS prevailingly from the sea—from tho southwest and 
south—at all times of year. Bioro aro considerable periods 
of calm weather. 


( 2703 ) 












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66 


CONFIDENTIAL 


BrL'^Z;.VILI£, F?.EE FliENCH ..FTtlCi; 

Brazzaville has a tropical climate, with oppressive¬ 
ly high afternoon temperatures throxighout the year, a long 
rainy season and a short dry season. During the rainy season, 
yrhich lasts from about September 20 to May 20, sharp down¬ 
pours of rain occur in the afternoon, sometimes in connection 
vfith thunderstorms, and may convert the land temporarily in¬ 
to mud and floods, Luring the late morning and early afternoon 
the skies are commonly free from clouds. The relative humidity 
is fairly high at all seasons, though considerably lower 
during the heat of the day than in the early morning. 

During the dry season, from June to September, 
temperatures moderate and considerable relief is experienced 
by the inhabitants. Streams dwindle and the ground gets hai^ 
and cracked. 

The amount of rainfall varies greatly from year to 
year: during an l8-year period, the dryest year had less than 
20 percent as much rain as the wettest. 

The prevailing wind at Brazzaville,is between west 
and southwest, though winds are erratic during a storm* 


( 2703 ) 











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Bruel (1935), p. 19. 





































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BiiNANA, BELGIAN CONGO 


Bancma hao a vrot-tind-dry tropical clixaato. Iho rtiiny 
season lasts fron the latter part of October to early Ilay, and 
is TOrkod by nedorate rains. 5hc 5~iJonth dry season usaal]y has no 
rainfall, tliough some years may o;'porionco a shotrer or trre. At 
tills sco.son tho ground becomes drj'^ and, TTator evaporates from narsliy 
areas. Rclativo huiiidity, rdth tho aid of southi:o3tGi‘ly 'ands from 
tho soa at all seasons, is high at all times of tho year, and, in 
conjunction r/itli the prevailingly high temperaturos, results in 
considerable physical discoii'fort most of -the year. Durinj the 
"tjinter“ season from June tc early Sep-ember nights arc fairly 
comfortable, 


( 2703 ) 













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70 


■CCKFIDENTIAL 


BOLOBO, BELGLxN CONGO 

Bolobo lies just outside tlio tropical rain forest 
clir-atic region. It has rainfall throughout the yeur except 
for a dry season in the t:70 months of Juno and July. Ihough 
short, the dry season does pomit the grcond to dry out for 
a fou v/eeks. Because of slightly lo;7or rolativc humidities, the 
brief dry season is somoxThat more comfortable than the rost of 
the yoar, ttoan monthly temperatures ar - high and practically 
uniform the yoar around, v/ith cnly 2,2 dogroes difference bo- 
t'/ocn tlio vTc.nacst and "coldest" months. Even the coldest ti;TC of 
night on thv. average remains above 70 degrees, too -.ram for real 
comfort, and the afternoons arc muggy and oppressive, 




(2703) 











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CONFIDENTI AL 


- 72 - 


STANLEYVILLE, BELGIAN. CONGO 

Lyinc as it does, practically on the equator, 
Stanleyvrille has uniformly high temperatures and copious 
rains thi’ou^hout the year. The rain cones chiefly from 
frequent thunderstorms, which last from one to four hours, 
and vrfiich cause a temporal^’' coolinT of the atmosphere during 
and for a short time after the storm. The niqhts are usually 
temperate to warm, ■''•hile the days, particularly in the 
afternoon, are uncomfortably hot and humid. The principal 
seasonal periodicity in this climate is the solstitial 
slackonin" of the rainfall. This is particularly pronounced 
durin,q the period from December to Febriarj'’, vfhen the rains, 
though present -n every month, are onl^^’ one-third to one-half 
as abundant as during most months. A loss-pronounced 
diminution of rainfall is experienced in June, Mid-day 
intensities of s\mliqht are of course •■rreat. Conditions 
at Stanlejnrillc are t;rpical of the whole Con^o rain forest 
lowland, chief differences beins: in th;; ti^-c and distinctness 
of the "less rainy" seasons. 


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74 


CONFIDENTIAL 


£N'IIID6£| LGANDii 

Iho cli na to of Entcb’xj is typical of tho northern 
half of tho nc.r 3 ;ins of Lako Victoria, oituatod at tho equa¬ 
tor, Zntobbe has ooasonal uniforaily of temperaturo and pre¬ 
cipitation, but elevation results in a tenperate climate. 

Days are vrarn, nights cool. The influence cf tho lo.kc pre¬ 
vents v-xtreno diurnal fluctuations of tcareraturo, but causes 
daily shift botv;oon land and lake breezes ^jiuch of the year. 
All months have a substantial anoent of rain fall. In April 
end ?iiy the rains are particularly abundant, January and 
i,ugust arc the driest months, though oven they have between 
2 and 3 inches of rain each, ^i.lthou£h aost of the rainfall 
is of convoctional origin, less than half of tho days of 
rain arc marked by thunderstorms, Fo\/ days arc entirely 
cloudy or entirely clear, tlic usual conditicn being one of 
broken clouds covoring about half tho slcy. 




(2703) 













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76 


CQIiFIDENTIAL 


BlfKOBA, TfuJGAiryiKA ’ 

Bulcoba has tha 3ven annual temp3ratuf3 as'sociated vdth 
ec^uatcrial locution, ’tho warm days and cool nights of uplands, 
cuid the heavy rainfall characteristic of tie area nortliwest of 
Lal*e Viciioria, The rainy season has t rc peal:s,' rrith ecp-ecially 
concentrated heavy rainfall in April and '^ay. The rain at this 
time of year usually comes in the form of afternoon thunder¬ 
storms;, A brief dry season occurs near the time ol the summer 
soistico, tliou/.h ivon'July, tlie driest month, has an avera'.e 
of nearly am inch of rainfall, and rain roay occur at any time 
during, tile year, Lelative humidity is fairly hi^ at all seasons, 
even during tlie orief dry season. In accordance with the pre¬ 
vailing equatorial rainfall regime, a secondary iiiininum^of pro- 
cipitat-ion occurs in January, but vdth nine rainy days and nearly 
four j.nches ol rain, Januaiy can hardly be called a dry nontii, 

A vigorous daily alternation of li'eezes is associated vdtli the 
presence oi the large body of water: in the mornings the breeze 
blov/s from tlie land; in the afternoon, from Lalce Victoria, 


(2703) 

















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78 


CnWFICENTIf^ 


SHIRATI, TANOANYIKA ... 

Shirati typifies the relatively dry climate of the area 
just southeast of Lake Victoria. The rainy' season, irtiich generally 
begins in October and ends in mid-June, is marked by comparatively 
mild afternoon showers on one or two days per week (three days a 
week during the April-Ma 3 '’ peak of precipitation). .During the 
three or four months of the dry season^ the ground becomes dry 
and streams dwindle, though occasional li^t showers usually occur 
in every month of the dry season. Shirati has the.usual Lake 
Victoria upland climate in regard to the small annual range of 
temperatures, the warm days and cool ni^ts, and the daily 
reversal of winds between lake and land. 



(2703) 











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SHIRATI, TANG/INYIKA lo 7* S., 33© ^9' 


CQNFT^.MTTaTj 



Data from U.S.W.B* records, transcribed July 19U2 







































































80 


CQNFIDE!NTI/LL 


EIDA1(A RAVINE, KENYA 

Lying close to the equator, Eldama Ravine has a 
difference of less than U degrees between the mean temperatures 
of its warmest and coldest months. Because of the hi^ elevation, 
in the Kenya Highlands, the weather is' pre'^ilingly chilly. 

Nights are cold, afternoons are comfortably warm. Moderate 
rainfall, usually associated with thunderstorms, "occurs through¬ 
out the year. On the average, once inch of rainfall is spread 
over about three rainy days, and storms of cloudburst proportions 
are rare, April is the wettest month. The least rainy time 
of year (sometimes known locally as the ”dry” season) is from 
December to February, when the average monthly rainfall is 
between 1 and 2 inches. 


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RAVINE, KENIA Oo U* N., 35o Ul' E* Elevation 6^00*' 


CQNFTJI^TAT. 


81 



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- 62 - 




N/UltOBI, KEm . V . 

Nairobi has a healthful, bracing temperate upland climate. 
Due to the nearness to the el^uatbr there is no important difference 
in temperature from month to month. The afternoons are moderately 
vxarm, but nights and mom^gs. are very chilly* 

The rainful regime displays the typical equatorial double 
maximum, with half the annual rainfall occxirring from March to 
May, and with Noyembqr the next most rainy month. T/hile a secondary 
nininum of rainfall occurs in January, the only period having any 
months with less than an inch of precipitation is from July to 
September. Even this ”dry” season has rainfall on the average of 
once or twice a week. The rainfall is rather gentle, with each 
inch of precipitation spread out over three days on the average. 
Humidity is high oven during the "dry” season. 

Solar intensities at this hi^ elevation near the 
equator arc great, oven thou;^ temperatures are moderate. 



( 2703 ) 








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NAIROBI^ KENYA S#, 36^ U5* ii* Elevation 5a5Q feet 


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- 84 - ccm^mmuq. 

ill 


ATHI RIVER, KENYA 

Athi River, sli^tly east of Nairobi, is rau^‘h like 
Nairobi in climate: temperate equatorial upland climate, with 
warm days and cool nights, rainfall with double maximpm, and 
dry season after the summer solstice, Tlie short inadequate 
record available for Athi River shows the dry season starting 
in June, a month earlier than at Nairobi, and a singl^ dry 
month in January. Athi River illustrates to a spectacular 
degree the great variability of rainfall from year toiyear 
characteristic of the east African highlands. Durinj^a 
period of 30 years the annual total of this station ranged 
between 6,70 inches and U0,9U inches. Under such conditions, 
means of rainfall are of limited value, • 

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(2703; 





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ATOI RI VER^ KENYA ___^_^_ ^^^^ _ __Elevation ^800 


CONFIDENT 


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- 86 


Si 




IfOMBASSA, KENYA 

MOTjbassa has a monotonously uniform climate, with 
hig^ temperatures end extremely hi^ relative humidity at all 
seasons* Since the mean daily range of temperature is only 
7 degrees, ni^t affords but little relief fron t^e heat* 

The climate is highly enervating to Europeans* 

Rain occurs at all seasons, with a maxiina in May* 
From April to September rain&lls on about half the days* 
Thunderstorms are coomon, and the'low-lying coastal land is 
generally damp* A less raiiQr period prevails in' January and 
February, thou^ even February, the driest month, has a 
shower or two most years* There is considerable fluctuation 
in precipitation from year to year, thou^ not nearly as 
much as in the highlands to the west* 

Winds are prevailingly from the sea* 






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- 87 - 




Data from U.S.Ti. B. records, transcribed I'ay 191*2 









































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ccwFTqQi7V,|^ 


TANQA, TANGANim 

In Tanga, the wet seasons of north and sotxth 
overlap, leaving no dry season* Tanga has a sweltering 
troplc 2 il rainy climate, with hi^ temperature, humidity, 
and rainfall in all months* January and February,' with 
slightly less than 2 inches of rainfall apiece, are the 
driest months* In April and May, the wettest months, 
rain falls on more than half the days. March has the 
most thunderstorms; during the rest of the year thunder¬ 
storms rarely accompany the psrecipltation* Average 
cloudiness amotmts to about ^ percent, with only minor 
•fluctuations fran month to month* Pre'vaillng winds fluctuate 
between the noirtheast monsoon, which blows fifom December 
to March, and the trades, which blow from some southerly 
quarter most of the rest of the year* 





(2703) 
















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- 91 - COMFIPENmL 


LOBITO, ANQOIA 

Loblto has a warm scmiarld climate* The days are 
humid throu^out the year, warm in summer and fairly cool 
from June to Septeinber. The daily range of temperature is 
small* The breeze which comncnly blows from the sea, where 
the cool Benguela current flows, helps to meliorate the 
climate* 


Rainfall for the year is rather scanty, and has 
highly variable incidence from memth to memth during the 
rainy season and from year to year* On the average, rain 
falls on only one ttr two days a week during the rainy sea¬ 
son* During this season, which lasts from October to April, 
heavy rains sorictimes fill streams to flood levels* 

t 

The dry season, from May to September,* is consist¬ 
ently and dependably rainless, although the air remains humid, 
and heavy mists sometimes occur* 


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(NOVA LISBOA) 
HUAi30, ANGOLA 


93 




Wt 


Lying as it does more than a uile above sea-level 


in the Huanibo uplands, Huambo has a r:dld teaperato cllnate, 
warn in the daytiao but cool at night, There is little 
difference in teriperature between the 'Tannest and coldest 
QOiiths, but rainfedl exhibits mrked periodi-city, A season 
of abundant rains prevails from October to early fiay, with 
rain falling on more than half the days. The proportion 
of alsy covered by clouds exceeds 50 ioercent during this 
season. Relative humidities are moderate. The precipitation 
remains In excess of & inches per month from Noveiaber to 
Ilarch, Streams are full, tlie ground is wet and vegetation 
flourishes. Thunderstorms are most frequent near the begin¬ 
ning and end of the rainy season, in October and April, ’< 


1 


The dry season comas at the slightly cooler time 


of year, firom mid-I5ay to September, In most years tiiere . 
is no rainfall at all from June to August. Streams dry upj 
the ground becomes baked, end cracked, and dtist fills the 
air ^en the TTind blows. The relative humidity is very low 
at this season, and the sky is generally cloudless, i 


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HUAMBO (NOVA LISBOA). ANGOU _ 12° U3» S., l$o E. _ Elevation 5771» 















































Albertville has a tropical savanna climate, modified 
by the elevation. Temperatures vary but little from- season 
to season, but rainfall varies greatly. The long- rainy sea¬ 
son lasts from October to May, while the shorter; dry seSason 
lasts from June to September. During the rainy season several 
thunderstorms may be expected each month; between storms the 
relative humidity is hi^. Swollen rivf rs and mud laay be • 
expected much of the time during the rainy season. This is 
also the time of year when groat solar intensity prevails,- 
since Albertville is only ^ degrees south of the equator. 

The dry season experiences a brief shower once ‘ 
in a while some years, but in most years June, July, August 
and most of September are rainless. The relative humidity ^ 
of sunmer is low, the ground becomes dry and dusty, the 
winds sometimes blows clouds of dust, and the streams 
dwindle In size. ' . • 

j 

During April, July, and October the yrlnds in this 
portion of Africa tend to blow from an oastorly or souitti- * 
easterly direction. In January, northerly vdnds break into 
the area. ‘ 




















































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TABORA, TANGANYIKA 

Tabora has an uplrhd savanna cllnato. Days are 
warn, nights cool, throughout the year* The warmest month 
is October, when the sun is at zenith and just before the 
clouds of the rainy season establish a screen. Juno is the. 
coolest month, but there arc actulGJLy less than 8 degrees 
difference in temperature between the extreme months. The 
year is evenly divided between wet and dry seasons* The 
x^ny season, which lasts from November to April, is a 
period of frequent thundorstonns with rains of moderate kh 

intensityj sky three-quarters covered with clouds on the 
average} relative humidity fairly high. Streams are full 
and the plains are muddy. During the dxy season rain is MSSj 

rare, the sky is clear.most of the time, and relative . .. 4 

humidity is moderate. Streams dry up and the ground awl • 
plants are desicated and dusty. The air is often fiU^ with > 
wind-blown dust. , 

The southeast trade' vfinds are strikingly constemt 
throu^out the year. East or southeast winds prevail in all 
months, and in the heart of the dry season, from June to ■ j 

September, east and southeast winds constitute 98 percent ^ 
of the observed winds. 



( 2703 ) 


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MPWAPWA, TANGANYIKA " 

Mpiraprra, lyln^ on the semi-arid eastern portion 
of the Tanganyika plateau, has a long dry season and a 
shorter raii^ season. The rainy season, five months long, 
lasts from December to April, though it may run over into 
May some yeai^, and occasionally starts in November. This 
is a period of frequent thundewtorms and mbdofatc rainfall. 
Streams fill and the ground is,muddy much of the time, l^e 
sky is on the average one-half to two-thirds covered with 
clouds. During the seven-month dry season rain rarely.falls, 
though the sky is 30 percent cloudy oven in the driest months. 

The ground loses most of its moisture within U weeks after 
the beginning of the dry season (Moreau, p. U70), streams 
and springs.dry up, and the fir is frequently filled with 
clouds of dust. 

In spite of the sharp seasonal contrasts in 
rainfall, relative humidity remains ft a fairly high level* 
throughout +jie year. Terapcrctures, fortunately, are mod¬ 
erate, vrith only smll differences between "winter" and 
"summer." The daily rdngc of t»jnperaturc is about 20 
degrees. Days are warm to hot, but ni^ts are comfortably• ‘ 
cool at all seasons, fnd ev-n cold during the dry scason^^ 
November, ^\xst before the onset of the rains, is the 
warmest month. 


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DAR ES SAL'JVl*, T/JGAflYIKA 

Par es Salaam has a rainy tropical climate, thou^ 
the rains are moderate except in April and May* April has a 
mean rainfall of 11 inches, and is the only month in which 
there is rain on more than half the days* From Dcccnber to 
April there arc on the average about two and one-half 
thxinderctorms per month* There is a fairly dry period from 
June to October, with only *98 to 1^ inches per month, but 
even August, the driest month, has a measurable amount of 
rain on 6 days. Annual rainfall is hi^y variable from 
year to year, and monthly rainfall is even more variable* 
During 17 years of observation, the annual rainfall varied 
between 19.Ul and 56*81 inches* During 20 3 roars, August 
rainfall varied between 0 and li.21 inches; September, 
betvfuen 1*93 and 23*7U inches. ^ 

Temperature remains uniformly high throughout the 
year, with minimum night teiig>eraturus on the average dropping 
only 10 to 15 degrees below the maximum of the day* Rela- • 
tive humidity also remains constantly hUi, and muggincss 
is the rule. Southwest winds prevail most of the year, though 
northwest predominate in Janurjry* The intensity of the 
tropical^ simli^t adds to the discomfort of the climate. 


^ Clayton, World Weather Records. 1927, p* 158 



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